translation glossary

Glossary of Translation Terms

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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translation terms

Translation Term

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A

ASP- Active Server Pages: These pages provide a platform for creating interactive applications on the Web, mainly on a Microsoft Windows platform.

American English: The English language as spoken in the USA.



B



Back Translation: A literal translation back into the source language. Used to make sure the original meaning has been preserved.

British English (BE): The English language as spoken in Britain.

Braille: Braille is a system of communication for blind or partially sighted people.
The RoboBraille service is an email-based translation service capable of translating documents to and from contracted Braille and to synthetic speech. Users submit documents (e.g., text files, Word documents, HTML pages) as email attachments. The translated results are returned to the user via email, typically within a matter of minutes. The service is available free of charge to all non-commercial users.


C



Computer Aided / Assisted Translation (CAT): Translation using a software package which includes a translation memory and terminology database that stores both source and target sentences. If a sentence reappears the software will suggest the previously-used translation for the translator to consider.

CMS - Content Management System: This system is used to manage the content on a website.

Cultural Adaptation: Editing a text to fit in with the cultural aspects of the target language.


D



Desktop Publishing (DTP): Reformatting the document before it is exported to the translation software to produce a target document identical to the source document.

Document Type Definition (DTD): Used in content authoring systems, a document type definition (DTD) is a specific definition that follows the rules of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). A DTD is a specification that accompanies a document and identifies markup codes, and the rules for their use.

Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA): The Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA) is an XML-based architecture for authoring, producing and delivering document information. Its main applications so far have been in technical publications, DITA is used for other types of document controlled authoring such as BDM, EDM, BOM, policies and procedures.

The name is derived from:
Darwin: Named after the naturalist Charles Darwin, DITA uses the principles of specialization and inheritance.
Information Typing: DITA capitalizes on the semantics of topics (concept, task, reference) and of content (messages, typed phrases, semantic tables).
Architecture: DITA provides vertical headroom (new applications) and edgewise extension (specialization into new types) for information.
Systems such as STAR GRIPS allow you to author and publish documents using DITA.


E



Editing: The process of preparing a document for delivery to the client by modifying or correcting it.

Equivalence: The use of a set phrase in the target language to translate an idiomatic expression in the source language.

European Agency for Safety and Health at Work: The central European agency for health and safety issues - http://osha.europa.eu


F



Freelance Translator: A translator who takes on work from a translation or localization company, but is not directly employed by the company.

Font: The typeface used in your documents to display foreign characters. For some languages you need to purchase special fonts for your software in order to display them correctly. For international language fonts visit Fonts.com.


G



Gisting: The process of getting a rough idea of a translation. This is normally associated with Machine Translation - software that produces a rough translation of a sentence.


H



Hashtag Symbol (#): The hashtag symbol (#) is a tag used in web postings like Twitter to denote a topic.
On Twitter a hashtag denotes a topic or keyword. It is placed next to a word (e.g. #ecommerce) when posting messages so that other users - and search engines - can easily find related tweets.

HTML - (HyperText Markup Language): The programming language commonly used on the world wide web.

HSA - The Health and Safety Authority: The HSA are the state-sponsored body in Ireland with responsibility for securing safety, health and welfare at work and operate under the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005.

HSE - Health Service Executive: The Health Service Executive (HSE) is responsible for providing Health and Personal Social Services for everyone living in the Republic of Ireland.


I



Interpreter: A person who provides a spoken (oral) translation. Interpreters are often used in business meetings where more than one nationality is involved.

International Radio Operators Phonetic Alphabet: The International Radio Operators Phonetic Alphabet is a standard used by radio operators worldwide to communicate. It is used to verbally spell names and codes in a clear and understandable manner.
It's available on our Blog - Radio Operators Phonetic Alphabet.


J



Justification: How text is aligned on the page. Most text is aligned to the left side of the page. However, in documents that contain columns they are often centre justified to improve the overall appearance.


K



Kerning: The amount of space between adjacent characters. This can be increased for titles.


L



Literal Translation: A translation that follows the source text very closely.

Localization: The process of editing a product for a specific (usually foreign) market in cultural and linguistic terms.


M



Machine Translation: Translation carried out by a software programme without human intervention that requires extensive editing of terminology, meaning and grammar.


N



Native speaker: A person with native speaker competence in a language.

Native speaker competence Command of a language (oral and written) as spoken from childhood and continually maintained.


O



Online Dictionary: An electronic dictionary accessible on the internet that can be used to translate words and segments.


P



Proofreading: A process the target document goes through before it is sent to the client. This is usually carried out by a native speaker to ensure fluency.


Q



Quark Xpress: An industry tool for page layout and design. See www.Quark.com.

QXD: This is the default file extension for a Quark file on Windows.

QXP - The Quark File formats:  Another file extension for Quark file on Windows.


R



RTF - Rich Text Format: A format developed by Microsoft for exchanging text documents. RTF files can be saved in MS Word. Often translation is done in RTF format to maintain fonts.

RoboBraille: Free Braille translation system. The RoboBraille service is an email-based translation service capable of translating documents to and from contracted Braille and to synthetic speech. Users submit documents (e.g., text files, Word documents, HTML pages) as email attachments. The translated results are returned to the user via email, typically within a matter of minutes. The service is available free of charge to all non-commercial users.
www.robobraille.org.


S



Segment: A part of the target document, which is stored in the translation with its corresponding translation. Usually delineated by punctuation.

Source Document: The original document to be translated.

Source Text: The original text to be translated.

Source Language: The language of the original document to be translated.

StuffIt: File compression utility for the MAC. This is really useful tool for sending MAC files for translation. It compresses the documents, images and fonts into a single SIT format so your files are delivered cleanly for translation.


T



Target Document: The document created from the original source document using the target text.

Target Language: The language used in the target document translated from the source document.

Target Text: The translation of the source text.

Terminology: The preferred technical terms or words used by a particular company.

Transit: Translation software program used by the STAR Group.

Translation: The process of translating from one language to another.

Translation Company / Agency A company which provides not only translation services but also other related services such as editing, proofreading, voice-overs and localization.

Translation Memory: A software program used to store translation segments or units in a database for future use.

Time Zone: The earth is divided into different zones so you can calculate the time in each area at any given moment.
Looking for Time Zone information?


U



Unicode: A character encoding scheme. This system will allow the display up to 65535 characters. It is used predominately in Windows and web applications to ensure they can display all global characters.


V



Voice-over: A service that translates and dubs over foreign language films and multimedia presentations.


W



Web 2.0: Web 2.0 is used to define web applications that facilitate interactive information sharing, interoperability, user-centered design and collaboration on the World Wide Web. Whilst the term suggests a new version of the World Wide Web, it does not refer to an update to any technical specifications, but rather to the ways software developers and end-users use the Web. A site developed in Web 2.0 gives its users the choice to interact or collaborate with each other in a social media dialogue as creators of user-generated content in a virtual community, in contrast to websites where users are limited to the passive viewing of created content. More information on website translation.

Word count: The standard measurement used to calculate the cost of the translation based on either the source or the target text.

Word-for-word translation: The process of translating a text by translating each word of the source text individually.

World Factbook: The World Factbook is prepared by the Central Intelligence Agency for the use of US Government officials, and the style, format, coverage and content are designed to meet their specific requirements. It gives background information on virtually every country in the world from population, flags and languages to local information on economics etc.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html


X



XML- eXtensible Markup Language: XML is an open standard for structuring information. It is used in a wide variety of applications to create documents that can be easily shared across applications or over the internet. Typically this is used in Content Authoring Systems.


Y




Z




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